Method and system to determine composition of fuel entering combustor

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a method and system for determining composition of a fuel entering a combustor. The method includes determining a temperature of the fuel entering the combustor, calculating a first estimated total fuel flow utilizing fuel properties and fuel nozzle effective area (A e ), and calculating a second estimated total fuel flow utilizing an aero-thermal cycle model analysis. The first estimated total fuel flow is compared to the second estimated total fuel flow and a lower heating value of the fuel is determined from a difference between the first estimated total fuel flow and the second estimated total fuel flow. A method and system for controlling a gas turbine includes calculating effects of the fuel composition on performance of the gas turbine and comparing one or more performance parameters to one or more parameter limits. One or more machine controls of the gas turbine are changed based on the results of the comparison.

BACKGROUND

The subject invention relates to gas turbines. More particularly, thesubject invention relates to the identification and integration of fuelcomposition information into the cycle and combustion models used tocontrol the gas turbine.

Performance of gas turbines is sensitive to the composition of the fuelfeeding the gas turbine combustion system. Uncompensated variation infuel composition can lead to combustion instabilities (dynamics),increased emissions including NO_(x) and CO, lean blow-out, and reducedflameholding margin or flashback. Timely understanding of varying fuelcomposition can aid optimization of the combustion system by the gasturbine control system. One method of accomplishing compensation forvarying fuel composition includes direct measurement of fuel compositionthat can be accomplished by a variety of technologies, many of which arecostly, slow in response, or otherwise undesirable for control purposes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention solves the aforementioned problems by providing amethod and system for determining composition of a fuel entering acombustor. The method includes determining a temperature and pressure ofthe fuel entering the combustor, calculating a first estimated totalfuel flow utilizing fuel properties and fuel nozzle effective area(A_(e)), and calculating a second estimated total fuel flow utilizing anaero-thermal cycle model analysis. The first estimated total fuel flowis compared to the second estimated total fuel flow and a change inlower heating value of the fuel is inferred from a difference betweenthe first estimated total fuel flow and the second estimated total fuelflow.

Further disclosed is a method and system for controlling a gas turbineincludes calculating effects of the fuel composition on performance ofthe gas turbine and comparing one or more performance parameters to oneor more parameter limits. One or more machine controls of the gasturbine are changed based on the results of the comparison.

These and other advantages and features will become more apparent fromthe following description taken in conjunction with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The subject matter which is regarded as the invention is particularlypointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion ofthe specification. The foregoing and other objects, features, andadvantages of the invention are apparent from the following detaileddescription taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings inwhich:

FIG. 1 is a schematic of a system for controlling a gas turbine; and

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a combustor of a gas turbine.

The detailed description explains embodiments of the invention, togetherwith advantages and features, by way of example with reference to thedrawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring to FIG. 1, a gas turbine 10 includes a plurality of datasensors 11 distributed throughout the gas turbine 10. The data sensors11 are shown here for illustrative purposes and may vary in quantityand/or location to provide the desired data. The data sensors 11 providea range of data 12 from the gas turbine 10 such as, for example,temperatures, pressures, speeds, and generator output. The data 12 fromthe data sensors 11 is input into an aero-thermal cycle model 14 alongwith a baseline or assumed fuel composition 16. The aero-thermal cyclemodel 14 provides aero-thermal cycle model outputs 18 including, forexample, combustion chamber pressure (P_(CC)), and fuel properties 20.The aero-thermal cycle model outputs 18, 20 are provided to a fuelsystem model 22.

In some embodiments, an additional input to the fuel system model 22 isa fuel temperature 24. The fuel temperature 24 is preferably (but notnecessarily) measured, as shown in FIG. 2, at one or more injectornozzles 26 of a combustor 28, to accurately measure the temperature offuel entering a combustion chamber 30. Referring again to FIG. 1, oncethe fuel temperature 24 is determined, it is input into the fuel systemmodel 22. The fuel system model 22 calculates a combustor pressure ratio(PR) which in conjunction with the fuel properties 20 and the fuelnozzle effective area (A_(e)) is utilized to calculate a total fuel flow(W_(tot) _(—) _(FSYS)) at the combustor 28. W_(tot) _(—) _(FSYS) iscompared to a total fuel flow calculated by the aero-thermal cycle model14, W_(tot) _(—) _(ARES), thus comparing the flow calculated based onactual fuel composition (W_(tot) _(—) _(FSYS)) to flow calculated basedon the assumed fuel composition 16. The difference, W_(tot) _(—)_(ERROR), between W_(tot) _(—) _(FSYS) and W_(tot) _(—ARES) , isindicative of a change in lower heating value (LHV) of the fuel in thecombustor 28, which is a key identifier of fuel composition.

The LHV is input into the aero-thermal cycle model 14 as a new assumedfuel composition 16, new aero-thermal cycle model outputs 18 are inputinto the fuel system model 22, and a new Wtot_(—) _(FSYS) is output bythe fuel system model 22. W_(tot) _(—) _(FSYS) is again compared toW_(tot) _(—) _(ARES) resulting in a new W_(tot) _(—) _(ERROR) and a newLHV. This process of error reduction continues until W_(tot) _(—)_(ERROR) equals zero.

Once error reduction is achieved, total flow W and pressure ratio PR areinput to a first transfer function 32 which outputs data related toperformance of the gas turbine 10, for example, emissions data 34 anddynamics data 36. The data 34, 36 is fed to a control function 38 whichcompares the data 34, 36 to value limits 40. If the data 34, 36 exceedsone or more of the limits 40, the control function 38 may cause a changeto one or more machine controls 42 to change operating parameters of thegas turbine 10, such as inlet guide vane angle and/or nozzle area. Thismethod allows control of the gas turbine 10 which is sensitive tochanges in the fuel composition, and has the ability to quickly adjustthe machine controls 42 in reaction to changes in the fuel composition.

In some embodiments, the relative quantities of constituent elements inthe fuel are determined. This determination is especially useful inevaluating a flameholding margin (FHM) of a particular fuel, andadjusting machine controls 40 in reaction to it. For example, in a gasturbine 10 where the fuel is a natural gas, it is advantageous to knowthe relative quantities of constituents methane, ethane, butane, andpropane present in the fuel. In this embodiment, once the LHV isdetermined as described above, a relative constituent model 44 isutilized to estimate the relative quantities of the constituents presentin the fuel.

In another embodiment, direct measurement of one or more constituentsmay be utilized to determine relative constituent content. One or moreconstituent sensors, for example, optical devices 46, tuned to detect aspecific constituent may be placed in a fuel stream (not shown) of thegas turbine 10. The output from the one or more optical devices 46 isthen directed to the relative constituent model 44, where the relativeamounts of the remaining constituents are determined. The output fromthe one or more optical devices 46 is also utilized to tune the relativeconstituent model 44, thus improving confidence in future iterations.

Once the constituent amounts are determined as above, an FHM transferfunction 48 is utilized to determine the FHM of the particular fuelcomposition. The FHM is then input into the control function 38 andcompared to a limit 40. The control function 38 evaluates the FHMrelative to the limit 40 and determines whether an adjustment to one ormore of the machine controls 42 is necessary, and directs the change ifit is necessary.

While the invention has been described in detail in connection with onlya limited number of embodiments, it should be readily understood thatthe invention is not limited to such disclosed embodiments. Rather, theinvention can be modified to incorporate any number of variations,alterations, substitutions or equivalent arrangements not heretoforedescribed, but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of theinvention. Additionally, while various embodiments of the invention havebeen described, it is to be understood that aspects of the invention mayinclude only some of the described embodiments. Accordingly, theinvention is not to be seen as limited by the foregoing description, butis only limited by the scope of the appended claims.

1. A method for determining composition of a fuel entering a combustorcomprising: determining a temperature of the fuel entering thecombustor; calculating a first estimated total fuel flow utilizing fuelproperties and fuel nozzle effective area (A_(e)); calculating a secondestimated total fuel flow utilizing an aero-thermal cycle modelanalysis; comparing the first estimated total fuel flow to the secondestimated total fuel flow; and determining a lower heating value of thefuel from a difference between the first estimated total fuel flow andthe second estimated total fuel flow.
 2. The method of claim 1 includingdetermining proportions of one or more constituents in the fuel.
 3. Themethod of claim 2 wherein the proportions of one or more constituentsare determined by inputting the lower heating value into a relativeconstituent model.
 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the proportions ofone or more constituents are determined by utilizing one or moreconstituent sensors to measure quantities of one or more constituents.5. The method of claim 2 wherein the proportions of one or moreconstituents are determined by: utilizing one or more constituentsensors to determine a quantity of at least one constituent of the oneor more constituents; inputting the quantity of the at least onconstituent into a relative constituent model; and determining therelative quantities of remaining desired constituents by inputting thelower heating value into the relative constituent model.
 6. The methodof claim 1 wherein the temperature of the fuel entering the combustor isdetermined by measuring the temperature of the fuel at an exit of atleast one injector nozzle in the combustor.
 7. A method for controllinga gas turbine comprising: determining composition of a fuel entering thecombustor of the gas turbine; calculating effects of the fuelcomposition on performance of the gas turbine; comparing one or moreperformance parameters to one or more parameter limits; and changing oneor more machine controls of the gas turbine based on the results of thecomparison.
 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the composition of a fuelis determined by: determining a temperature of the fuel entering thecombustor of the gas turbine; calculating a first estimated total fuelflow utilizing fuel properties and fuel nozzle effective area (A_(e));calculating a second estimated total fuel flow utilizing an aero-thermalcycle model analysis; comparing the first estimated total fuel flow tothe second estimated total fuel flow; and determining a lower heatingvalue of the fuel from a difference between the first estimated totalfuel flow and the second estimated total fuel flow.
 9. The method ofclaim 8 including determining proportions of one or more constituents inthe fuel.
 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the proportions of one ormore constituents are determined by inputting the lower heating valueinto a relative constituent model.
 11. The method of claim 9 wherein theproportions of one or more constituents are determined by utilizing oneor more constituent sensors to measure quantities of one or moreconstituents.
 12. The method of claim 9 wherein the proportions of oneor more constituents are determined by: utilizing one or moreconstituent sensors to determine a quantity of at least one constituentof the one or more constituents; inputting the quantity of the at leaston constituent into a relative constituent model; and determining therelative quantities of remaining desired constituents by inputting thelower heating value into the relative constituent model.
 13. The methodof claim 9 including calculating a flameholding margin by utilizingproportions of one or more constituents in the fuel.
 14. The method ofclaim 13 including: comparing the flameholding margin to a flameholdingmargin limit; and changing one or more machine controls of the gasturbine based on the results of the comparison.
 15. The method of claim7 wherein the temperature of the fuel entering the combustor isdetermined by measuring the temperature of the fuel at an exit of atleast one injector nozzle in the combustor.
 16. A system for determiningfuel composition entering a combustor including: at least onetemperature sensor capable of measuring a temperature of a fuel enteringthe combustor; an engine model capable of outputting a first estimatedtotal fuel flow based on a baseline fuel composition; a fuel systemmodel capable of outputting a second estimated total fuel flow based onthe fuel temperature; and a comparator capable of determining a lowerheating value of the fuel by comparing the first estimated total fuelflow to the second estimated total fuel flow.
 17. The system of claim 16further comprising a relative constituent model capable of determiningrelative proportions of constituents in the fuel based on the lowerheating value.
 18. The system of claim 16 further comprising one or moreconstituent sensors to measure quantities of one or more constituents.